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NEW QUESTION # 65
You are considering the performance of a BSS based on different PHY types used. In the BSS, one device must use ERP as it does not support HT in its 2.4 GHz band.
What is the duration of the interframe space for this ERP device for standard data frame transmissions?
- A. 28 microseconds
- B. 16 microseconds
- C. 10 microseconds
- D. 9 microseconds
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 66
What is an AIFS?
- A. A medium access method introduced by 802.11n, but never implemented
- B. A variable Interframe Space introduced by 802.11e to help prioritize medium access for different Access Categories
- C. The shortest period of time a STA can sleep
- D. A form of aggregation performed at the PLCP sub-layer
Answer: B
Explanation:
An AIFS is a variable interframe space introduced by 802.11e to help prioritize medium access for different Access Categories (ACs). An interframe space is a period of time that a STA (station) has to wait before attempting to access the medium. An AIFS is a type of interframe space that varies depending on the AC of the traffic. An AC is a logical queue that corresponds to a QoS (Quality of Service) level for different types of traffic. There are four ACs defined by 802.11e:
AC_VO (Voice), AC_VI (Video), AC_BE (Best Effort), and AC_BK (Background). Each AC has a different AIFSN (Arbitration Interframe Space Number) value, which determines how long it has to wait before attempting to access the medium. A lower AIFSN value means a higher priority and a shorter waiting time. The other options are not correct, as they do not describe what an AIFS is.
An AIFS is not a medium access method introduced by 802.11n, but never implemented, as it is part of the 802.11e standard and widely used in QoS-enabled WLANs. An AIFS is not a form of aggregation performed at the PHY layer based on 802.11e UP values interpreted from DSCP values, as aggregation is a technique that combines multiple frames into one larger frame to improve efficiency and throughput, not prioritization or medium access. An AIFS is not the shortest period of time a STA can sleep, as sleeping is a power saving mode that allows a STA to conserve battery power by periodically turning off its radio, not accessing the medium.
NEW QUESTION # 67
You are evaluating a protocol capture file in Wireshark.
The following filter is applied:
wlan_radio.11ac.bandwidth - - 4
What kind of frames are displayed?
- A. Only frames supporting 4 radio chains
- B. Only 40 MHz frames
- C. Only frames supporting 4 spatial streams
- D. Only 80 MHz frames
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 68
You are using a laptop-based protocol analyzer to scan all channels and determine the basic configuration of the WLAN Basic Service Set in your facility.
You are scanning all channels. All configured with default settings.
What can you change to cause the scan to run faster while still APs are capturing beacon frames on all the channels?
- A. Configure the scan time for channels to 300-500 ms
- B. Configure the scan time for channels to <100 ms
- C. Configure the RBW to more than 120 kHz
- D. Configure the fragmentation threshold to 1500 bytes
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 69
A client is operating in an unstable RF environment. Out of five data frames transmitted to the client it only receives four. The client sends a Block Ack to acknowledge the receipt of these four frames but due to frame corruption the Block Ack is not received by the AP. Which frames will be retransmitted'
- A. Only the data frame which was corrupted
- B. All data frames
- C. Only the Block Ack
- D. Both the corrupted data and Block Ack
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
All data frames will be retransmitted in this scenario. This is because the AP uses a Block Ack (BA) mechanism to acknowledge the receipt of multiple data frames from a client in a single frame. The BA contains a bitmap that indicates which data frames were received correctly and which were not. If the BA is not received by the AP due to frame corruption, the AP will assume that none of the data frames were received by the client and will retransmit all of them. The other options are not correct, as they do not account for the loss of the BA or the use of the bitmap. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 6: 802.11 Frame Exchanges, page 167-168
NEW QUESTION # 70
Prior to a retransmission what happens to the CWmax value?
- A. Set to the value of the AIFSN
- B. Reset to 0
- C. Increases by 1
- D. Doubles and increases by 1
Answer: D
Explanation:
Before a retransmission, the CWmax (Contention Window maximum) value doubles and increases by 1. The CWmax is a parameter that determines the upper limit of the random backoff time that a STA (station) has to wait before attempting to access the medium. The random backoff time is chosen from a range of values between CWmin (Contention Window minimum) and CWmax. The CWmin and CWmax values depend on the AC (Access Category) of the traffic and the PHY type of the STA. If a transmission fails due to a collision or an error, the STA has to retransmit the frame after waiting for another random backoff time. However, to reduce the probability of another collision, the STA increases its CWmax value by doubling it and adding 1.
This increases the range of possible backoff values and spreads out the STAs more evenly. The STA resets its CWmax value to its original value after a successful transmission or after reaching a predefined limit.
NEW QUESTION # 71
When evaluating modulation and coding schemes, you must determine the best coding rate available.
In 802.11 MCS tables, what is the best coding rate from the perspective of highest data rates?
- A. 1/2
- B. 5/6
- C. 3/4
- D. 2/3
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 72
Given: The exhibit shows a small network environment with dual-band APs.
What is true of the network shown in this spectrum analyzer trace?
- A. There are at least three APs operating in this environment.
They are operating on channels 149, 153, and 161. - B. Two 802.11a APs are near the spectrum analyzer and are heavily utilized on channels 149 and
153. - C. Only one AP in this network is configured to use the upper UNII band (UNII-3).
All other APs are in lower 5 GHz channels. - D. There are two 40 MHz BSSs in this environment.
One AP has some 40 MHz traffic while the other AP has no client traffic.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 73
You have installed a new 802.11ac WLAN configured with 80 MHz channels. Users in one area are complaining about poor performance. This area is currently served by a single AP. You take a spectrum analysis capture in the poor performing area. While examining the waterfall plot you notice the airtime utilization is higher on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel when compared to the rest of the channel. What do you conclude?
- A. Non Wi-Fi interference is preventing the APs 80 MHz operation
- B. The first 20 MHz is the AP's primary channel and higher airtime utilization on the primary channel is normal when an AP Is configured for 80 MHz operation
- C. The AP is misconfigured and needs to be reconfigured to 80MHz operation
- D. RRM is enabled and has dynamically picked a 20 MHz channel
Answer: A
Explanation:
The most likely cause of higher airtime utilization on the first 20 MHz of the 80 MHz channel is non- Wi-Fi interference. Non-Wi-Fi interference can prevent an AP from using its full channel width, as it will degrade the signal quality and increase the noise floor on some parts of the channel. This will force the AP to fall back to a narrower channel width, such as 20 MHz or 40 MHz, to maintain communication with its clients. The waterfall plot can help identify non-Wi-Fi interference by showing spikes or bursts of RF energy on specific frequencies or sub-channels.
The other options are not correct, as they do not explain why only the first 20 MHz of the channel has higher airtime utilization.
NEW QUESTION # 74
What is the purpose of a PHY preamble?
- A. It indicates to the PHY the modulation that shall be used for transmission (and reception) of the PSDU.
- B. It communicates important information about the PSDU's length, rate, and upper layer protocol- related parameters.
- C. It provides a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for the receiving station to validate that the PLCP header was received correctly.
- D. It provides the receiver(s) with an opportunity for RF channel synchronization prior to the start of the PLCP header.
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 75
According to the 802.11n-2009 amendment, what security requirement is specified for HT BSSs?
- A. HT BSSs must mandatorily support 802.11r FT.
- B. All unicast traffic transmitted by an HT station and destined to an HT station must use AES- CCMP.
- C. In an RSN, HT stations may not communicate with one another using TKIP.
- D. HT BSSs are prevented from supporting WEP.
- E. TKIP cannot be supported in an HT BSS.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 76
Given a protocol analyzer can decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets providing the PSK and SSID are configured in the analyzer software.
When performing packet capture (in a non-FT environment) which frames are required in order for PSK frame decryption to be possible?
- A. Authentication
- B. Reassociation
- C. Probe Response
- D. 4-Way Handshake
Answer: D
Explanation:
The 4-way handshake is the process that establishes the pairwise transient key (PTK) between the client and the AP in WPA2-PSK. The PTK is derived from the PSK, the SSID, and some random numbers exchanged in the handshake frames. The PTK is used to encrypt and decrypt the data frames between the client and the AP. Therefore, in order to decrypt WPA2-PSK data packets, a protocol analyzer needs to capture the 4-way handshake frames and have the PSK and SSID configured in the analyzer software.
NEW QUESTION # 77
Why is a high CRC error rate in L2 protocol analysis software NOT always a valid indicator of network performance? (Choose 3)
- A. Radio and antenna hardware used for protocol analysis may not match the receive sensitivity, diversity, MIMO, or antenna gain capabilities of the network WLAN hardware.
- B. If the protocol analysis radio hardware is not located in the same area as intended client devices or APs, its data sampling may not be representative of actual traffic on the network.
- C. If protocol analysis software is not properly configured with frame decryption parameters, it can't accurately calculate a CRC, which includes the encrypted frame body contents.
- D. Layer 2 protocol analysis can only collect and interpret data that is received properly at the MAC layer, and cannot quantify some PHY-layer problems.
Answer: A,B,D
NEW QUESTION # 78
What is the function of 802.11 Management frames?
- A. Communicate configuration changes between WLAN controller and APs
- B. Manage the BSS
- C. Prioritize network administration traffic
- D. Manage the flow of data
Answer: B
Explanation:
The function of 802.11 management frames is to manage the BSS. A BSS (Basic Service Set) is a group of STAs (stations) that share a common SSID (Service Set Identifier) and communicate with each other through an AP (access point) or directly in an ad hoc mode. Management frames are one of the three types of 802.11 frames, along with control and data frames. Management frames are used to establish, maintain, and terminate associations between STAs and APs, as well as to advertise and discover BSSs, exchange security information, report errors, and perform other management functions. The other options are not correct, as they are not functions of
802.11 management frames. Prioritizing network administration traffic, communicating configuration changes between WLAN controller and APs, and managing the flow of data are functions of other types of frames or protocols.
NEW QUESTION # 79
Why would a STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement send a Neighbor Request to an AP?
- A. To learn about neighboring interference sources and tune its RF radio accordingly
- B. To inform the current AP about the STA's intent to roam to a neighboring AP, ensuring a seamless handover
- C. To request a list of neighboring STAs which enables the STA to better pick the right protection mechanisms
- D. To request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A STA that supports 802.11k Radio Measurement would send a Neighbor Request to an AP to request a list of neighboring APs which the STA can use as roaming candidates. A Neighbor Request is an Action frame that contains a subelement specifying the type of information that the STA wants to receive from the AP. A Neighbor Report is an Action frame that contains a subelement with a list of neighboring APs that match the criteria specified in the Neighbor Request. The Neighbor Report provides information such as BSSID, channel, operating class, and PHY type of each neighboring AP. This information helps the STA to perform intelligent roaming decisions based on signal quality, load, and compatibility . References: CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 434; CWAP-404 Certified Wireless Analysis Professional Study and Reference Guide, Chapter 12: 802.11k/v/r/u/w/ai Amendments, page 435.
NEW QUESTION # 80
VoIP is used heavily in your organization.
You must troubleshoot problems with dropped calls on the WLAN.
What is a common cause of dropped calls when using Wi-Fi VoIP phones?
- A. Use of WMM
- B. Slow roaming
- C. Data rates below 54 Mbps
- D. Data rates below 75 Mbps
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 81
You require 802.11ac capture solution.
You want to capture using native operating system tools if possible.
What operating system has built-in ability to capture 802.11ac frames assuming it is running on the appropriate laptop hardware?
- A. Mac OS X
- B. Windows 7
- C. Windows 8.1
- D. Windows 10
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 82
With what access category's parameters are WLAN multicast video frames transmitted when the EDCAF is in use by the transmitting station?
- A. AC_VO
- B. AC_VI
- C. AC_BK
- D. AC_BE
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 83
You are attempting to work through a user complaint with the CWNP-recommended troubleshooting methodology.
What must be clearly identified in order to reduce the number of possible causes at step three?
- A. The user name
- B. The user's IP configuration
- C. The problem
- D. The device type
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 84
When a client station operating under EDCA sends an RTS frame and NAV protection is desired for only the first or sole frame in the TXOP, the duration field will contain an amount of time, measured in microseconds, equal to which of the following?
- A. 1 RTS, 2 ACK, 1 DATA, 4 SIFS
- B. 1 CTS, 2 ACK, 1 DATA, 2 SIFS
- C. 1 CTS, 1 ACK, 1 DATA, 3 SIFS
- D. The entire duration of the TXOP
- E. 1 RTS, 1 CTS, 2 ACK , 1 DATA, 4 SIFS
- F. 1 RTS, 1 ACK, 1 DATA, 2 SIFS, 1 DIFS
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 85
Using the exhibit as a reference, answer the following.
STA1 sent a data frame to Mesh AP2 destined for a local file server on the same subnet with MAC address 00:11:22:33:44:55. Mesh AP2's mesh forwarding algorithm determined that the frame should be forwarded through Mesh AP1.
In the frame sent from Mesh AP2 to Mesh AP1, what is true of the contents of the MAC header?
(Choose 3)
- A. To DS = 0
- B. SA = Mesh AP2's MAC Address
- C. From DS = 1
- D. DA = 00:11:22:33:44:55
- E. TA = STA1's MAC Address
- F. RA = Mesh AP1's MAC Address
Answer: C,D,F
NEW QUESTION # 86
You have implemented centralized, infrastructure-based spectrum analysis.
The Aps are configured to perform spectrum analysis in an ad-hoc manner and will go offline as Aps to perform this duty when needed.
What unique method of spectrum analysis monitoring is provided by this solution that is not typically available in a laptop-based analyzer?
- A. Band selection
- B. Real-time FFT
- C. Web-based viewing
- D. RBW adjustments
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 87
You are using a Wireless Aggregator utility to combine multiple packet captures.
One capture exists for each of channels 1, 6 and 11.
What kind of troubleshooting are you likely performing with such a tool?
- A. Wireless adapter failure analysis.
- B. Fast secure roaming problems.
- C. Interference source location.
- D. Narrowband DoS attack detection.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 88
What must occur before an HT STA operating in an EDCA BSS can transmit a data frame over the wireless medium? (Choose 3)
- A. The STA must receive a BlockAck, resetting the NAV to zero.
- B. Its NAV must be equal to one.
- C. Its CCA must report that the medium is idle.
- D. The appropriate interframe space must expire.
- E. The backoff timer for the AC must equal zero.
- F. The AP must issue the STA a TXOP.
Answer: C,D,E
NEW QUESTION # 89
Given: The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is a 32 CRC used for error detection.
The CRC is calculated over what?
- A. Mac Header and Frame Body only
- B. PHY Header, MAC Header and Frame Body
- C. PHY Header and Mac Header only
- D. Frame Body only
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body only. The CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) is a 32-bit value that is used for error detection in wireless transmissions. The CRC is calculated over the MAC Header and Frame Body of a PSDU, which are the parts of the data unit that contain information such as source and destination addresses, frame type, frame control, sequence number, payload, etc. The CRC is appended to the end of the PSDU as a FCS (Frame Check Sequence) field. The CRC is not calculated over the PHY Header or PHY Preamble, which are parts of the PPDU that contain information such as modulation, coding, data rate, etc. The PHY Header and PHY Preamble are added or removed by the PHY layer during the conversion between PSDU and PPDU. References: [Wireless Analysis Professional Study Guide CWAP-404], Chapter 4: 802.11 Physical Layer, page 97-98
NEW QUESTION # 90
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